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Air Passengers Subject to Health Checks for Avian Influenza A (H5N1)
Transportation Security Administration – Security Measures for Air Travel, concerning what passengers may carry onto the airplane
Spraying Aircraft for Insects - DisinsectionRecommendations from Health Information for International Travel
Tuberculosis
Tuberculosis and Air Travel: Guidelines for Prevention and Control, 2nd Edition (World Health Organization, 2006) (728 KB / 47 pages)
Extensively Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis (XDR TB)
SARS
Questions and Answers about SARS and the current SARS situation
Cruise Ship Travel and Health
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Summary of Sanitation Inspections of International Cruise Ships ("Green Sheet")
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Cruise Ship TravelRecommendations from Health Information for International Travel
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Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
1600 Clifton Rd
Atlanta, GA 30333
Friday, May 1, 2009
Interim Guidance for Infection Control for Care of Patients with Confirmed or Suspected Swine Influenza A (H1N1) Virus Infection in Healthcare Setting
April 29, 2009 09:45 PM ET
This document provides interim guidance for healthcare facilities (e.g., hospitals, long-term care and outpatient facilities, and other settings where healthcare is provided) and will be updated as needed.
Background
To date, human cases of swine influenza A (H1N1) virus infection have been confirmed in residents of several U.S. states and Mexico (for the most up-to-date list please see http://www.cdc.gov/h1n1flu/). Investigations of these cases suggest that on-going human-to-human swine influenza A (H1N1) virus is occurring. Illness signs and symptoms have consisted of influenza-like illness - fever and respiratory tract illness (cough, sore throat, runny nose), headache, muscle aches - and some cases have had vomiting and diarrhea. Cases of severe respiratory disease, including fatal outcomes, have been reported.
The swine influenza A (H1N1) virus that has infected humans in the U.S. and Mexico is a novel influenza A virus that has not previously been identified in North America. This virus is resistant to the antiviral medications amantadine and rimantadine, but is sensitive to oseltamivir and zanamivir.
Implementation of Respiratory Hygiene/Cough Etiquette
To prevent the transmission of all respiratory infections in healthcare settings, including swine influenza A (H1N1), Respiratory Hygiene/Cough Etiquette infection control measures (see http://www.cdc.gov/flu/professionals/infectioncontrol/resphygiene.htm) should be implemented at the first point of contact with a potentially infected person. They should be incorporated into infection control practices as one component of Standard Precautions.
Healthcare facilities should establish mechanisms to screen patients for signs and symptoms of febrile respiratory illness who are presenting to any point of entry to the facility for care or making appointments to be seen at the facility. Provisions should be made to allow for prompt segregation and assessment of symptomatic patients.
Implementation of facility contingency plans
The current situation with swine flu in the United States is evolving quickly. Staff in healthcare settings should monitor http://www.cdc.gov/swineflu and state and local health department websites for the latest information. Healthcare facilities should be reviewing and making plans to implement their facility contingency response and/or pandemic response plans. This should include making plans for managing increasing patient volume and potential staffing limitations.
Interim Infection Control Recommendations
If the patient is presenting in a community where swine influenza A (H1N1) transmission is occurring (based upon information provided by state and local health departments), these infection control recommendations should apply to all patients with febrile respiratory illness (defined as fever [greater than 37.8° Celsius] plus one or more of the following: rhinorrhea or nasal congestion; sore throat; cough).
If the patient is presenting in a community without swine influenza A (H1N1) transmission, these infection control recommendations should apply to those patients with febrile respiratory illness AND:
-close contact with a person who is a confirmed, probable, or suspected case of swine influenza A (H1N1) virus infection, within the past 7 days OR
-travel to a community either within the United States or internationally where there are one or more confirmed swine influenza A (H1N1) cases within 7 days
As the situation evolves, the ability to use epidemiologic links to identify potentially infectious patients may be lost and these recommendations may need to be applied to all patients with febrile respiratory illness. This situation will be monitored, and these guidelines will be updated as needed.
Infection Control of Ill Persons in a Healthcare Setting
Screening of patients presenting to medical facilities
Patient placement and transport
Any patients who are confirmed, probable or suspected cases and present for care at a healthcare facility should be placed directly into individual rooms with the door kept closed. Healthcare personnel interacting with the patients should follow the infection control guidance in this document. For the purposes of this guidance, healthcare personnel are defined as persons, including employees, students, contractors, attending clinicians, and volunteers, whose activities involve contact with patients in a healthcare or laboratory setting.
Procedures that are likely to generate aerosols (e.g., bronchoscopy, elective intubation, suctioning, administering nebulized medications), should be done in a location with negative pressure air handling whenever feasible. An airborne infection isolation room (AIIR) with negative pressure air handling with 6 to 12 air changes per hour can be used. Air can be exhausted directly outside or be recirculated after filtration by a high efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filter. Facilities should monitor and document the proper negative-pressure function of AIIRs, including those in operating rooms, intensive care units, emergency departments, and procedure rooms.
Procedures for transport of patients in isolation precautions should be followed. Facilities should also ensure that plans are in place to communicate information about suspected cases that are transferred to other departments in the facility (e.g., radiology, laboratory) and other facilities. The ill person should wear a surgical mask to contain secretions when outside of the patient room, and should be encouraged to perform hand hygiene frequently and follow respiratory hygiene / cough etiquette practices.
Limitation of healthcare personnel entering the isolation room
Healthcare personnel entering the room of a patient in isolation should be limited to those performing direct patient care.
Isolation precautions
Standard and Contact precautions plus eye protection should be used for all patient care activities for patients being evaluated or in isolation for swine influenza A (H1N1) (i.e., including all healthcare personnel who enter the patient’s room). Maintain adherence to hand hygiene by washing with soap and water or using alcohol-based hand sanitizer immediately after removing gloves and other equipment and after any contact with respiratory secretions. Nonsterile gloves and gowns along with eye protection should be donned upon room entry. (See http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dhqp/ppe.html)
Respiratory protection: All healthcare personnel who enter the rooms of patients in isolation for swine influenza should wear a fit-tested disposable N95 respirator or equivalent (e.g., powered air purifying respirator)*. Respiratory protection should be donned upon room entry.
Note that this recommendation differs from current infection control guidance for seasonal influenza, which recommends that healthcare personnel wear surgical masks for patient care. The rationale for the use of respiratory protection is that a more conservative approach is needed until more is known about the specific transmission characteristics of this new virus. This recommendation is also outlined in the in the in the October 2006 “Interim Guidance on Planning for the Use of Surgical Masks and Respirators in Healthcare Settings during an Influenza Pandemic” http://www.pandemicflu.gov/plan/healthcare/maskguidancehc.html.
Management of visitors
Limit visitors to patients in isolation for swine influenza A virus (H1N1) infection to persons who are necessary for the patient's emotional well-being and care. Visitors who have been in contact with the patient before and during hospitalization are a possible source of swine influenza A virus (H1N1). Therefore, schedule and control visits to allow for appropriate screening for acute respiratory illness before entering the hospital and appropriate instruction on use of personal protective equipment and other precautions (e.g., hand hygiene, limiting surfaces touched) while in the patient's room. Visitors should be instructed to limit their movement within the facility.
Visitors may be offered a gown, gloves, eye protection, and respiratory protection (i.e., N95 respirator) and should be instructed by healthcare personnel on their use before entering the patient’s room.
Duration of precautions
Isolation precautions should be continued for seven (7) days from symptom onset or until the resolution of symptoms, whichever is longer.
Persons with swine influenza A (H1N1) virus infection should be considered potentially contagious from one day before to 7 days following illness onset. Persons who continue to be ill longer than 7 days after illness onset should be considered potentially contagious until symptoms have resolved. Children, especially younger children, might be contagious for longer periods.
Surveillance of healthcare personnel
In communities where swine influenza A (H1N1) virus transmission is occurring, healthcare personnel should be monitored daily for signs and symptoms of febrile respiratory illness. Healthcare personnel who develop these symptoms should be instructed not to report to work, or if at work, should cease patient care activities and notify their supervisor and infection control personnel.
In communities without swine influenza A (H1N1) virus transmission, healthcare personnel working in areas of a facility where there are patients being assessed or isolated for swine influenza infection should be monitored daily for signs and symptoms of febrile respiratory infection. This would include healthcare personnel exposed to patients in an outpatient setting or the emergency department. Healthcare personnel who develop these symptoms should be instructed not to report to work, or if at work, should cease patient care activities and notify their supervisor and infection control personnel.
Healthcare personnel who do not have a febrile respiratory illness may continue to work. Asymptomatic healthcare personnel who have had an unprotected exposure to swine influenza A (H1N1) also may continue to work if they are started on antiviral prophylaxis. Interim guidance on antiviral recommendations for close contacts of patients with confirmed or suspected swine influenza A (H1N1) virus infection can be found at http://www.cdc.gov/h1n1flu/recommendations.htm.
Management of ill healthcare personnel
Healthcare personnel should not report to work if they have a febrile respiratory illness.In communities where swine influenza virus transmission is occurring, healthcare personnel who develop a febrile respiratory illness should be excluded from work for 7 days or until symptoms have resolved, whichever is longer.
In communities without swine influenza virus transmission, healthcare personnel who develop a febrile respiratory illness and have been working in areas of the hospital where swine influenza patients are present, should be excluded from work for 7 days or until symptoms have resolved, whichever is longer.
In communities where swine influenza virus transmission is not occurring, healthcare personnel who develop febrile respiratory illness and have not been in areas of the facility where swine influenza patients are present should follow facility guidelines on returning to work.
Stewardship of personal protective equipment and antivirals
Facilities should implement plans to ensure appropriate allocation of personal protective equipment, including N95 respirators, and antivirals.
Environmental infection control
Routine cleaning and disinfection strategies used during influenza seasons can be applied to the environmental management of swine influenza. Management of laundry, utensils and medical waste should also be performed in accordance with procedures followed for seasonal influenza. More information can be found at http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dhqp/gl_environinfection.html.
Facility access control
Facilities should have signage at entry points instructing patients and visitors about hospital policies, including the need to notify staff immediately if they have signs and symptoms of febrile respiratory illness. Facilities in communities where swine influenza transmission is occurring should limit points of entry to the facility..
Administration of the current 2008-2009 seasonal influenza vaccine
It is not anticipated that the seasonal influenza vaccine will provide protection against the swine flu H1N1 viruses. However, in some parts of the country, seasonal influenza viruses are still circulating. Influenza vaccination is effective against these seasonal viruses and should continue to be given to unvaccinated patients in areas where seasonal influenza cases are still occurring.
*Respirator use should be in the context of a complete respiratory protection program in accordance with Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) regulations. Information on respiratory protection programs and fit test procedures can be accessed at http://www.osha.gov/SLTC/etools/respiratory. Staff should be medically cleared, fit-tested, and trained for respirator use, including: proper fit-testing and use of respirators, safe removal and disposal, and medical contraindications to respirator use.
Additional information on N95 respirators and other types of respirators may be found at: http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npptl/topics/respirators/factsheets/, and at http://www.fda.gov/cdrh/ppe/masksrespirators.html.
-Links to non-federal organizations are provided solely as a service to our users. These links do not constitute an endorsement of these organizations or their programs by CDC or the federal government, and none should be inferred. CDC is not responsible for the content of the individual organization Web pages found at these links.
--Centers for Disease Control and Prevention--
This document provides interim guidance for healthcare facilities (e.g., hospitals, long-term care and outpatient facilities, and other settings where healthcare is provided) and will be updated as needed.
Background
To date, human cases of swine influenza A (H1N1) virus infection have been confirmed in residents of several U.S. states and Mexico (for the most up-to-date list please see http://www.cdc.gov/h1n1flu/). Investigations of these cases suggest that on-going human-to-human swine influenza A (H1N1) virus is occurring. Illness signs and symptoms have consisted of influenza-like illness - fever and respiratory tract illness (cough, sore throat, runny nose), headache, muscle aches - and some cases have had vomiting and diarrhea. Cases of severe respiratory disease, including fatal outcomes, have been reported.
The swine influenza A (H1N1) virus that has infected humans in the U.S. and Mexico is a novel influenza A virus that has not previously been identified in North America. This virus is resistant to the antiviral medications amantadine and rimantadine, but is sensitive to oseltamivir and zanamivir.
Implementation of Respiratory Hygiene/Cough Etiquette
To prevent the transmission of all respiratory infections in healthcare settings, including swine influenza A (H1N1), Respiratory Hygiene/Cough Etiquette infection control measures (see http://www.cdc.gov/flu/professionals/infectioncontrol/resphygiene.htm) should be implemented at the first point of contact with a potentially infected person. They should be incorporated into infection control practices as one component of Standard Precautions.
Healthcare facilities should establish mechanisms to screen patients for signs and symptoms of febrile respiratory illness who are presenting to any point of entry to the facility for care or making appointments to be seen at the facility. Provisions should be made to allow for prompt segregation and assessment of symptomatic patients.
Implementation of facility contingency plans
The current situation with swine flu in the United States is evolving quickly. Staff in healthcare settings should monitor http://www.cdc.gov/swineflu and state and local health department websites for the latest information. Healthcare facilities should be reviewing and making plans to implement their facility contingency response and/or pandemic response plans. This should include making plans for managing increasing patient volume and potential staffing limitations.
Interim Infection Control Recommendations
If the patient is presenting in a community where swine influenza A (H1N1) transmission is occurring (based upon information provided by state and local health departments), these infection control recommendations should apply to all patients with febrile respiratory illness (defined as fever [greater than 37.8° Celsius] plus one or more of the following: rhinorrhea or nasal congestion; sore throat; cough).
If the patient is presenting in a community without swine influenza A (H1N1) transmission, these infection control recommendations should apply to those patients with febrile respiratory illness AND:
-close contact with a person who is a confirmed, probable, or suspected case of swine influenza A (H1N1) virus infection, within the past 7 days OR
-travel to a community either within the United States or internationally where there are one or more confirmed swine influenza A (H1N1) cases within 7 days
As the situation evolves, the ability to use epidemiologic links to identify potentially infectious patients may be lost and these recommendations may need to be applied to all patients with febrile respiratory illness. This situation will be monitored, and these guidelines will be updated as needed.
Infection Control of Ill Persons in a Healthcare Setting
Screening of patients presenting to medical facilities
Patient placement and transport
Any patients who are confirmed, probable or suspected cases and present for care at a healthcare facility should be placed directly into individual rooms with the door kept closed. Healthcare personnel interacting with the patients should follow the infection control guidance in this document. For the purposes of this guidance, healthcare personnel are defined as persons, including employees, students, contractors, attending clinicians, and volunteers, whose activities involve contact with patients in a healthcare or laboratory setting.
Procedures that are likely to generate aerosols (e.g., bronchoscopy, elective intubation, suctioning, administering nebulized medications), should be done in a location with negative pressure air handling whenever feasible. An airborne infection isolation room (AIIR) with negative pressure air handling with 6 to 12 air changes per hour can be used. Air can be exhausted directly outside or be recirculated after filtration by a high efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filter. Facilities should monitor and document the proper negative-pressure function of AIIRs, including those in operating rooms, intensive care units, emergency departments, and procedure rooms.
Procedures for transport of patients in isolation precautions should be followed. Facilities should also ensure that plans are in place to communicate information about suspected cases that are transferred to other departments in the facility (e.g., radiology, laboratory) and other facilities. The ill person should wear a surgical mask to contain secretions when outside of the patient room, and should be encouraged to perform hand hygiene frequently and follow respiratory hygiene / cough etiquette practices.
Limitation of healthcare personnel entering the isolation room
Healthcare personnel entering the room of a patient in isolation should be limited to those performing direct patient care.
Isolation precautions
Standard and Contact precautions plus eye protection should be used for all patient care activities for patients being evaluated or in isolation for swine influenza A (H1N1) (i.e., including all healthcare personnel who enter the patient’s room). Maintain adherence to hand hygiene by washing with soap and water or using alcohol-based hand sanitizer immediately after removing gloves and other equipment and after any contact with respiratory secretions. Nonsterile gloves and gowns along with eye protection should be donned upon room entry. (See http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dhqp/ppe.html)
Respiratory protection: All healthcare personnel who enter the rooms of patients in isolation for swine influenza should wear a fit-tested disposable N95 respirator or equivalent (e.g., powered air purifying respirator)*. Respiratory protection should be donned upon room entry.
Note that this recommendation differs from current infection control guidance for seasonal influenza, which recommends that healthcare personnel wear surgical masks for patient care. The rationale for the use of respiratory protection is that a more conservative approach is needed until more is known about the specific transmission characteristics of this new virus. This recommendation is also outlined in the in the in the October 2006 “Interim Guidance on Planning for the Use of Surgical Masks and Respirators in Healthcare Settings during an Influenza Pandemic” http://www.pandemicflu.gov/plan/healthcare/maskguidancehc.html.
Management of visitors
Limit visitors to patients in isolation for swine influenza A virus (H1N1) infection to persons who are necessary for the patient's emotional well-being and care. Visitors who have been in contact with the patient before and during hospitalization are a possible source of swine influenza A virus (H1N1). Therefore, schedule and control visits to allow for appropriate screening for acute respiratory illness before entering the hospital and appropriate instruction on use of personal protective equipment and other precautions (e.g., hand hygiene, limiting surfaces touched) while in the patient's room. Visitors should be instructed to limit their movement within the facility.
Visitors may be offered a gown, gloves, eye protection, and respiratory protection (i.e., N95 respirator) and should be instructed by healthcare personnel on their use before entering the patient’s room.
Duration of precautions
Isolation precautions should be continued for seven (7) days from symptom onset or until the resolution of symptoms, whichever is longer.
Persons with swine influenza A (H1N1) virus infection should be considered potentially contagious from one day before to 7 days following illness onset. Persons who continue to be ill longer than 7 days after illness onset should be considered potentially contagious until symptoms have resolved. Children, especially younger children, might be contagious for longer periods.
Surveillance of healthcare personnel
In communities where swine influenza A (H1N1) virus transmission is occurring, healthcare personnel should be monitored daily for signs and symptoms of febrile respiratory illness. Healthcare personnel who develop these symptoms should be instructed not to report to work, or if at work, should cease patient care activities and notify their supervisor and infection control personnel.
In communities without swine influenza A (H1N1) virus transmission, healthcare personnel working in areas of a facility where there are patients being assessed or isolated for swine influenza infection should be monitored daily for signs and symptoms of febrile respiratory infection. This would include healthcare personnel exposed to patients in an outpatient setting or the emergency department. Healthcare personnel who develop these symptoms should be instructed not to report to work, or if at work, should cease patient care activities and notify their supervisor and infection control personnel.
Healthcare personnel who do not have a febrile respiratory illness may continue to work. Asymptomatic healthcare personnel who have had an unprotected exposure to swine influenza A (H1N1) also may continue to work if they are started on antiviral prophylaxis. Interim guidance on antiviral recommendations for close contacts of patients with confirmed or suspected swine influenza A (H1N1) virus infection can be found at http://www.cdc.gov/h1n1flu/recommendations.htm.
Management of ill healthcare personnel
Healthcare personnel should not report to work if they have a febrile respiratory illness.In communities where swine influenza virus transmission is occurring, healthcare personnel who develop a febrile respiratory illness should be excluded from work for 7 days or until symptoms have resolved, whichever is longer.
In communities without swine influenza virus transmission, healthcare personnel who develop a febrile respiratory illness and have been working in areas of the hospital where swine influenza patients are present, should be excluded from work for 7 days or until symptoms have resolved, whichever is longer.
In communities where swine influenza virus transmission is not occurring, healthcare personnel who develop febrile respiratory illness and have not been in areas of the facility where swine influenza patients are present should follow facility guidelines on returning to work.
Stewardship of personal protective equipment and antivirals
Facilities should implement plans to ensure appropriate allocation of personal protective equipment, including N95 respirators, and antivirals.
Environmental infection control
Routine cleaning and disinfection strategies used during influenza seasons can be applied to the environmental management of swine influenza. Management of laundry, utensils and medical waste should also be performed in accordance with procedures followed for seasonal influenza. More information can be found at http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dhqp/gl_environinfection.html.
Facility access control
Facilities should have signage at entry points instructing patients and visitors about hospital policies, including the need to notify staff immediately if they have signs and symptoms of febrile respiratory illness. Facilities in communities where swine influenza transmission is occurring should limit points of entry to the facility..
Administration of the current 2008-2009 seasonal influenza vaccine
It is not anticipated that the seasonal influenza vaccine will provide protection against the swine flu H1N1 viruses. However, in some parts of the country, seasonal influenza viruses are still circulating. Influenza vaccination is effective against these seasonal viruses and should continue to be given to unvaccinated patients in areas where seasonal influenza cases are still occurring.
*Respirator use should be in the context of a complete respiratory protection program in accordance with Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) regulations. Information on respiratory protection programs and fit test procedures can be accessed at http://www.osha.gov/SLTC/etools/respiratory. Staff should be medically cleared, fit-tested, and trained for respirator use, including: proper fit-testing and use of respirators, safe removal and disposal, and medical contraindications to respirator use.
Additional information on N95 respirators and other types of respirators may be found at: http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npptl/topics/respirators/factsheets/, and at http://www.fda.gov/cdrh/ppe/masksrespirators.html.
-Links to non-federal organizations are provided solely as a service to our users. These links do not constitute an endorsement of these organizations or their programs by CDC or the federal government, and none should be inferred. CDC is not responsible for the content of the individual organization Web pages found at these links.
--Centers for Disease Control and Prevention--
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